Ethical Issues In Information Systems Privacy

respectable Issues In Information Systems PrivacyThis essay aims to seat the ethical, mixer, superior and level-headed reveals relevant to affectionate media. It is a literature criticism that exit limn virtually of the key issues in both retirement and security subject matters. It is divided into around(prenominal) parts and to begin, it will present what kind media is as well as mention some of the issues that determination of goods and servicesrs drop had regarding the use of neighborly media. It will then explain the ethical, neighborly professional and legal issues re clean-fangledd to the use colleaguely media. The essay will princip whollyy be foc development on societal networking and will present a balanced over suck in of some of the opposing perspectives of the issues presented. To conclude, the essay will reflect critically on these various perspectives, assess some of the key issues that befool been presented and decl be oneself some appropria te solutions or courses of action from the perspective of an ethical IT professional. kind Media covers umpteen aspects much(prenominal) as, blogs, videos, podcasts, discussion forums and brotherly networking and the key s fuck offholders of genial media overwhelm programmers, developers and whatsoeverone who has entre to a computer and a network. The particular aspect that will be covered is mixer networking. Social media may charter several returnss much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as keeping in touch with friends, families and coworkers enabling do communication which croupe lead to improved randomness discovery and distribution. For businesses, it butt improve business reputation and derriere even amass a large target mart with minimal use of advertising.An interesting refer from Klepic (2010), a blogger, journalist and kind media innovator who uses a reasonable begin to convey how entrance moneyible media impacts our daily lives, states that wha t happens in Vegas stays in Vegas, what happens on twitter stays on Google forever. This registers that this social media user or stakeholder has use social media and has been affected by it. Nowadays, websites that no longer exist ask articles taken from them and ar creation utilise by other websites to appearance to the humans. In the grimace of social media, cover is obsolete as users and stakeholders of social networking websites and blogs, no longer clear any sort of confidentiality when they post pictures, videos and posts of themselves on the internet in general. A nonher interesting quote from a social media user called Christian Hollingsworth (2011) stated that Years ago, before Gravatars even existed, I would inflate my blog comments. What Id do is use a few of my una like email addresses, and post comments on blog posts with pen (fake) send fors. I impression process I was rather tricky. A few months ago I was looking at through old blog posts on some old b logs, and build that those comments now had Gravatar images attached. And behold, they were all images of me Due to my Gravatar account now linking to those email addresses. This social media user or blogger was harmlessly posting comments on other blogs using fake names for hiding reasons and was later found that due to an online social media natural covering, an image of him was affix next to all his previous blog posts. The industriousness or website did non mention that his old posts were going to have images of himself post a beneficial next to his comments and in that respectfor his right to secrecy has been violated. Most of the public are using social media much(prenominal) as twitter and Facebook and have no knowledge on where or how their soulfulnessal education is existence dowry.Legal IssuesThis section covers any questions that have any concerns on the security measures that laws and regulations provide regarding social media. The rules and legislations that we will be looking at is the coupled Kingdom Laws (UK Laws) that help protect an individuals privacy and security rights and support beliefs and concepts on privacy and security. In the Data Protection coiffure (1998) under sectionalization 55 it states that it is an offence to knowingly or recklessly obtain, allow or procure the disclosure of private culture without the react of the data controller. This mover that an individual is non allowed to obtain some other souls individual(prenominal) knowledge, which includes learning such as name, home address and age, and transgress it without the consent of that soul. This applies to the use of social media as this commandment is at stake. An individual pile access another psyches private study through blogs, for instance, and obtain his or her name or home address and expose it to others without the consent of that mortal. The Data Protection Act (1998) states that if organizations were to collect or share an individuals information, they essential use it fairly and the person has the right to know whether an organization has collected information virtually them and to whom they shared it with. This includes any information that has been obtained from social media websites which is stated in The Information Commissioners mightiness (ICO) which is the UKs independent authority.Facebook, the social networking website, was sued due to manduction private information of individuals, such as their names, to third-party application makers without their consent or permission in late 2012 (Essers, 2012). The third-party applications, which were running through Facebooks Application Center, accessed chat logs of several users on Facebook and gained their personal information without the consent of the users. The first gear hearing takes place in the summertime of 2013. The Data Protection Act (1998) is threatened as the social networking website gains personal information from their user s and shares them to third-party application makers without the users consents. Due to wrongfully sharing personal information, users have sued Facebook.The Computer ravish Act (1990) under Section 1 unlicensed Access to Computer Material, Section 2 Unauthorized Access with cloaked to Commit or Facilitate Commission of Further Offences, and Section 3 Unauthorized Modifications of Computer Materials, the principles are threatened. These sections of the Computer Misuse Act (1990) all deal with the offence of scolding with or without the intent to commit serious offense such as fraud. In the case of social media, it is an offence to use an individuals username and password to gain unauthorized access to social networking sites and computers to gain, share and throw private information. Social networking websites bum even be hacked and used to hack into computers to gain private information such as credit mailing information just by looking at the purchases a person has made in F acebook for instance. other principle comparable to The Computer Misuse Act (1990) is stated in the Federal Decree-Law no. 5 (2012), which was first issued in the United Arab Emirates, under Article 10 regarding hacking. The article states that at that place is a penalty for whoever willfully and without authorization runs a software on the computer network or an electronic information system or any information applied science representation, and caused them to stop functioning or being impaired, or resulted in crashing, deletion, omission, destruction of the program, system, website, data or information. This means that in that location is a consequence for an individual to hack into another persons computer application or systems (ex. Facebook or Forums) and change or delete any information that belongs to that person. This standard is threatened as tidy sum can gain access to website applications and alter or delete any system or information located on the network. This mol diness not be done as on that point is a large penalty for undertaking such disgraceful conducts.Another principle that could be at stake is the Computer, Designs and Patents Act (1998). This principle or act illustrates the penalties of wrongfully sharing or transferring copyright information to other community. It is illegal to share information such as harmony, which does not belong to an individual, without the consent or permission of the owner. Social media can be easily used to share and transfer data and information, often copyrighted information, such as music, video and even images. Napster, a forgo music sharing network, had to be shut down due to copyright in 2001. Peer-to-peer programs and applications can be considered part of Social Media as individuals can intercommunicate between each other through their personal computers. Napster was sued due to sharing music freely without the permission of the owners and due to the lawsuit it was shutdown (McGuinn, 2000). Ethical IssuesThe ethical issues that come to mind when social media is present is that social media can be used to spread unsportsmanlike information such as racism, hatred, violence and even sexual bodily. Organizations can send junk or chain letters that most individuals do not want. This can be related to the Human Rights Act (1998) under Section 8 where it states that everyone has the right to respect for his or her private and family life, home and correspondence. To put it simply, this means that everyone has the right to privacy. Privacy is an ethical principle that is at stake when it comes to the use of social media as social networking websites can be used to invade the privacy of others. Privacy has several meanings depending on a persons beliefs, culture and even religious belief and consequently different perspectives plays a huge role. However, most laws and regulations define privacy as the condition or quality of being completely free from being witnessed or see n. It is also the state of being free from information distributed from other population, whether its co-workers, friends or even family. We as individuals value the need of berth and privacy and therefore it is an valuable aspect in our daily lives. Joseph (2007 109) states that in the information age, the value of privacy has been eroded. We can no longer promise our privacy. Our right to privacy is violated when using social media. In the case of the use of social media, the Human Rights Act (1998) is threatened due to the particular that an individuals right to privacy can be vulnerable as battalion can obtain other mints information and spread distasteful material about them to other people or organizations. In fact, spreading distasteful information is mainly done through social networking websites.It is an offence to divulge news, pictures or comments relating to the secrets of a persons private or family life or to use another persons secret for your own, or someone elses, advantage without the consent of the person to whom the secret relates, (Garrod Smith 2011). An ethical principle very much like The Human Rights Act (1998), in the United Arab Emirates individuals have their right to privacy and there is a penalty for publishing distasteful or personal information on a person to the public.The principle of integrity can also be violated as the security of a person can be threatened. Security can be defined as the state of being completely safe from any sort of danger. As individuals we value the need of security especially when it comes to using the internet as there are galore(postnominal) dangers of using social networks or blogs such as hacking. A persons security maybe threatened when using social media due to the fact that his or her personal information such as credit card information may be stolen. Information technology plays a huge role on several types of security which may include Computer Security, Data Security, Application Se curity, Information Security and net profit Security and all of these can be threatened by Malware/Adware, Viruses, netmail and Information Theft. These threats to security and information technology can be used to secretly access a computer system without the owners informed consent to perform hostile, intrusive or annoying actions.Another ethical issue of social media is false reports and acquisitions. In June of 2009 when the pop star Michael Jackson died there have been unsubstantiated reports stating that the actor Jeff Goldblum had also died and the report spread onto many people and thats when the ethics of social media were tested. According to Dodson (2009) most people thought it was a harmless rumor but in Australia, Channel 9 news spent almost two minutes in its show spreading this information to the public, saying that it was a tragedy. This entire story was a hoax and was first posted via two social media websites Facebook and Twitter. To put it in the perspective of others, some people would have though this as a joke sequence others would have taken this seriously and think it was real. This means that no everything online is true.To understand Social Media and the ethical issues that arise on individuals it is important to look at the two ethical theories (Consequentialist and Deontological) and their opposing perspectives on a received situation, an physical exercise being a users action mechanism on YouTube. This persons activity can be eyeshoted by other YouTube users as well as non-YouTube users, including comments posted, videos watched and videos posted. The consequentialist theorist would argue that it is acceptable for other people to see his activities while the deontological theorist would argue that his right to privacy is violated and it is wrong for people to see his activities. It is important to understand whether privacy may or may not be violated depending on the individuals theories or perspectives behind social media.S ocial IssuesSocial issues are any behaviors or conditions a person may find undesirable. Social media can have several disconfirming effects on a person including social isolation some people would rather browse the internet playing video games and chatting online than having an real social life outside the internet world. According to Goldsmith (2013), witnessing friends vacations, wonder lives and work successes on Facebook can cause envy and trigger touchings of wretchedness and loneliness. In social networking, most individuals only care about how many likes they have obtained on their photos or posts as opposed to what really matters which is who desire their photos or posts. Another issue according, to Yao (2012), is that s raging becomes easy. In order to try for someone, all a person needs to do is search for their name online. Loneliness is another issue as people comment on their friends pages and not yours. From the point of view of a social network user, people onl y contact you if they need some sort of assistance such as when they only want you to like their posts or images rather than having a normal friendly conversation. A person can feel unaccompanied when they see that their friends have been invited to a large gathering that they had no idea about.From the perspective of a non-social network user, a person can feel that he or she does not exist to certain old people due to the fact that nowadays the main way of communication is through social networking websites such as Facebook or MySpace. Another issue is that some social networking users will talk to other users depending on how many friends they have. The more than friends an individual has the more popular they become and therefor social fundamental interaction is at an all-time high. Another issue can be the admiration of defining a friend. A study by Weiner (2009) has shown that the traditional tone of friendship is trustingness, support as well as sharing similar values wh ereas on a social network a friend is someone whos link an individual has clicked on. In a childs perspective and in some cases adults, they can be very competitive as they talk about how many friends they have whereas most of these alleged social networking friends are not actual people that share some sort of trust or share similar values.Of course form the point of the view of managers, researchers as well as participants, these issues are thind as their jobs are to solely market their products or conduct research and find new information, for example, and dont bother with the social side of their life when using social networking websites. schoolmaster IssuesOrganizations need to watch what employees publicly comment about their own organizations and employers. An example would be that an employee working at an organization wrote on his profile on a social networking stating that his job was tedious and unexciting. This person can be dismissed from the organization. Another exa mple is that what if an unhappy employee decides to complain about a company and the products they make using social networking. Consumers might think double before buying any of that companys products. There are also legal penalties if employees view and click on offensive content on social networking websites as employers could be held liable for failing to protect workers from viewing such distasteful material. The penalties, legal costs and damages to the companys reputation can be extensive.In the BCS Code of Conduct (2011) under Article 3 of the trading to Relevant Authority it states that a person may NOT disclose or authorize to be disclosed, or use for personal gain or to benefit a third party, confidential information pull with the permission of your Relevant Authority, or as required by edict and may NOT misrepresent or withhold information on the performance of products, systems or services (unless lawfully bound by a duty of confidentiality not to disclose such infor mation), or take advantage of the lack of relevant knowledge or inexperience of others. This is a develop correlation to what employees must not do to misrepresent their organization. This means that employees must not misrepresent their organizations in anyway. Social networking websites can be easily used to do misrepresent an organization to the public as the information is being passed on to other people quickly. This is also stated in the social networking website Facebook under their Facebook Terms of Service (2012) under Article 5 Protecting Other Peoples Rights, where it explains that an individual cannot violate a person, including companies, right to privacy and must not misrepresent said person in anyway. In Facebooks Privacy Policy under section 3 Information you share with Third Parties, it states that certain types of communications that you send to other users cannot be annihilated, such as messages. From the perspective of a manager or owner of an organization, thi s can be a threat to the company as employees can post distasteful information about the company to certain people and cannot remove or delete that information which can be a worry as that information is always there for the public to see therefore giving the organization a bad reputation.From the perspective and point of view of a professional individual or a manager as well as a social network provider, the use of social networking websites should be encouraged to employees as it is a good way to market the organization and its products as well as communicate with business partners as yet the employees should not misrepresent their company to the public when using social networking.Another minor professional issue, that may be taken seriously, is an organizations bandwidth usage. Software updates from social networking websites such as Facebook or Twitter may not take up large amounts of bandwidth however video links that are posted on these sites may create difficulties for in formation technology administrators in a company as there is a cost to pay, especially in terms of bandwidth-hungry applications, when browsing on the internet.RecommendationsCodes and principles are necessary for the practice of social media. If every person did not play fairly and have any respect, honesty or decency, then there would be more laws and principles that would be much stricter than the current laws as social media would be chaotic.For businesses, social media is a dilemma as they need to adopt and change the way they communicate, however they realize that social media can be a threat as employee can misrepresent or express distasteful information about the organizations to the public. Every minute spent on social media websites can expose and cause a threat to the security of an organization. Organizations need to set limits and restrictions with certain monitoring systems, as to not offend an employee, to help reduce the lighting of any unpleasant information to the public. An optimal solution, yet not recommended (to not indicate a lack of trust from the organizations to the employees), is banning any access to social media websites. For security reasons and as a basic safeguard, organizations must have an anti-virus software setup on each computer.Social media users must mark that they do not, under any circumstances, publish any personal or private information on social media websites. For their security, they must ensure that they have the latest version of anti-virus software installed on to their computers.ConclusionThough people are aware of their privacy and security threats, sometimes they choose to ignore them. Social media websites heavily encourage individuals to reveal information about them disregardless of what the information is about. Sometimes even the brightest of intellectuals give out information that they should not have. Today, almost the full population of the world has a profile account on Facebook or Twitter and the y enjoy the idea of communicating with their friends, families and coworkers online. Individuals must not forget that because they have their own profile page they can only gain access to, they must know that whatever information is written on the internet, will most likely stay there forever.

Nature of the leisure industry

Nature of the leisure patience3.0 IntroductionThe person-to-personity of the leisure industry is eer changing because of advanced transmutations and economic trends. A good suit of a new innovation would be gloriole sports such as hand gliding and bungee jumping. M either developments from front to current products such as the mp3 player and mobiles induce increased in the amount of popularity and appeal. There are many reasons why there are so many changes in the leisure industry because the leisure industry in itself is an open market in which many battalion displace and put on developed in. Leisure providers are always planning for the future tense and how they are going to be victoryful, so in orderliness to pass their goals they attempt to create a new innovation or innovations for (mainly) the command public. If they were to be successful then results could vary from genuinely high gear success to maybe just a moderate success.A good congressman of a su ccessful innovation would be the iPod range because when mp3 players were just contend songs and nothing else the iPod franchise saw the opportunity to build and grow in that certain market and so are where they are today because of their innovations. A moderate successful innovation would be a product or service which is fairly popular and is showing close to signs of growth. In order to take a leak towards the high end market they must keep changing certain products or how a service is run. Some innovations are kind of articulate whilst some are quite indispensable, this shows how the leisure industry is constantly changing they are all aiming for that unmatchable product which will set apart them that extra advant get on over other companies. It mainly depends on the kindly trends and economical state or balance. The nature of the leisure industry is really unpredictable because it wad change in an instance and rat constantlyy gain or lose appeal to any product. 3.1 Re cent innovations busy tele visit sets are a main source for societalizing amongst closely people. It is a passive pursuit because we choose to receive a call or make a call in our own free time, means that we usually dont have any duties to pursue and respond to. Mobile ph iodins have had many new changes mobile phones have had different innovations applied towards it ever since the early 1990s, when Dr. Eric Fossum and his team achieved the first feelings of realizing the modern television camera phone which we have today.Another case of changes in camera phone innovation is when new technology was applied to the already advanced technology. first camera phones, as successfully marketed by J-Phone in Japan, used CCD sensors and not CMOS sensors, to a greater extent than 90% of camera phones sold today use CMOS image sensor technology.(Wikipedia, 2007) The most noticeable changes in innovation have to be the apple iPhone because it has practically started a revolution in p hone design private handed. There have been numerous designs to match the iPhone just now always have fell short, mainly because of the iPhone software. Many competitors have copied the design, the style and flat some of the icons but they could not copy or replicate the Apples operating system. It is an mesh device a phone and without having buttons. Iphone turnover represents 18.5% of Apples sales. Up from 5.7% the previous stratum 57 million iphones and iPod touches sold in the last two geezerhood(txt4ever, 2009)The payoffs in which the apple iPhone have on an average mobile phone are hefty. Such as, the iPhone includes stock chart, calendar, compass, maps, YouTube, weather, voice memos, iPod, world clocks, iTunes, notes, camera and App livestock as a normal default setting. Meaning that other mobiles lavatory only include half of what the iPhone has to laissez passer. In addition to revolutionizing phone designs the iPhone has already created a huge market for accessor ies, cases, docks, applications and much more. With its vast range and var. of applications it sess be used by closely anyone. It has free radiocommunication internet, video recording, safari, and mail. Many apps are based on general and social needs but can be utilized for active, passive and main office based pursuits. For example the iphone have produced numerous cooking apps and timers to aid anyone who may need assistance in cooking. The iphone also offers a wide mixture of bizs where you can even play online with other player from around the world. This would go under as a home based leisure. The iphone isnt just for socialise and low energy activities it can also perform various high energy activities such as the Nike+ iPod app system. It can apparently time your goals, notice the distance travelled, chokeout how much calories were burnt and fix a timetable for your work out. It is described as a personal trainer without a personal trainer. Apple iPhone shows the importance of new innovations in technology. Many leisure facilities can have a huge advantage in terms of eudaimonia and profit. If recreation facilities have a Wi-Fi zone such as in a cafe or a store than many iPhone and laptop users can connect directly with minimum trouble. The leisure facility would view increase in participation and social commuters in the facilities. Another example of recent innovations is the Wii volley from the Nintendo franchise. It has revolutionised what we usually do in our homes, or even in recreational facilities. Its objective is to combine fun and seaworthiness into one product it can apparently change how you exercise, how you balance and even how you move.This new technology has changed the popularity and participation rates in local recreational facilities, for example yoga and fitness classes would see a distinctive decrease in participants most probably because of the new innovations produced. The advantages of owning one of these new inno vations such as the Wii Fit can produce more advanced accurate practice sessions of progress, it can deem how many calories you might have put on or burned, no membership costs, uses a user interface system, wireless, Wii fit has a variety of games and exercise in which you can introduce in and is generally idle to use. The most popular sports/physical activities in NSW were Walking (other than bushwalking) Aerobics/fitness Swimming Tennis Cycling Golf Running Bushwalking Soccer (outdoor) Yoga(Government, 2009) betrothal rates in sports/physical activities amongst different age groups Participation decreases with age 15 24 years 94.3% 25 34 years 85.2% 35 44 years 85.3% 45 54 years 80.4% 55 64 years 83.4% 65 years and over 70.7%(Government, Participation in exercise, 2009)3.2 applied scienceReading hold backs in our spare time used to be one of our leisure pursuits whether home-based or public. Recent innovations have lead normal reading to new expert heights. One example is the kindle where people can read their favourite books with just a few push of the buttons. The combust has the potential to store up to more than 300,000 books and can easily be accessed. The harry has many advantages as well as disadvantages. The advantages are Its in truth useful for short and long range trips You can send any files via the kindle email Its portable and light You can read almost any book at any time You can get an on-line dictionary The disadvantages are It has limited research abilities No internet connectivity abroad Limited memory expansion Battery is quite corpulent Could be vulnerable to break Doesnt have the real feel of book (depends on personal tastes) There are many other advantages and disadvantages but what makes this product a success is because of its unique qualities. It has already shown progress in its growth in the USA, UK and Europe. The chart shows the increase in kindle users in a course of a month. (Steve, 2009)Kindle has created a new technological innovation where they relate to many people across the world. They have already partnered up with the apple in building a new Kindle app for the iPhone and iTunes. On March 3, 2009, amazon.com launched an application entitled Kindle for iPhone in the App interpose for iPhone and iPod Touch owners to read Kindle content.(Wikipedia, 2009 )This image shows the Kindle Wi-Fi range and coverage. This shows that the Amazon kindle still has many more innovations impending ahead.(Switch31, 2009) There are other new technologies where it is mainly based on your leisure pursuits. area sports are a new innovation in combat entertainment. It uses digital technology called S.A.T.R which stands for small arms transmitter receiver. It has already had a regulation in which it was very successful and has made many breakthroughs in the recent leisure attractions. S.A.T.R is the worlds first real time hit feedback which creates an impelling vivid like in game statisti cs. It also doesnt need a rally computer system. domain sports are build system where gamers can participate in combat missions for their measurable entertainment. Millions of games have been played across 34 countries where they all experienced unique battle missions. field of honor sports have already won numerous awards such as the member of the year (2007) of the Australian technology showcase. plain sports are dedicated to 100% quality in service, design and manufacturing. Battlefield sports are live meaning everything is in real time and active. It is also very versatile meaning it can be played indoors and outdoors. It offers exciting, satisfying and potentially profitable business opportunities on the planet. It isnt the same as regular gaming, where it is mainly home-based and less active. They also offer partnerships meaning they are still growing and are leading in new innovations in numerous ways (new systems, S.A.T.R, infra red lasers, inflatables etc). Battlefield sports have created a new innovation in which many people can benefit it greatly. It is mainly active and offers many health benefits and a new market in which businesses can evolve and excel. The experts at Battlefield Sports have created a unique business platform for anyone who wants to take advantage of business opportunities created by the dramatic cultural shifts in todays computer game environment(Sports, 2009). S*A*T*R is a huge step forward in combat entertainment, explained Paul Diamond, UK Agent for Battlefield Sports. Battlefield Sports spent two years developing this latest innovation in the leisure industry and now will showcase this breakthrough at Leisure Industry Week (LIW, 2009)3.3 Influences of the mediaThe media has a large impact in influencing change, appeal and popularity of leisure activities because the media itself is very broad and diverse matter, meaning it can affect large amounts people across almost any realm of any country.

Literature Review on Mortgage Default

writings Review on Mortgage slacknessLiterature reviewThe evolution of mortgage disrespect studies is characterized by Quercia and Stegman (1992) into three types of studies. The earlier work dating back to the 1970s focuses from a lenders perspective on simple correlations and regression models capturing important drawer characteristics that buttocks forecast banking companyruptcy. Home justice, income variability, deprivation of employment, death, and divorce ar found to be the most important predictors of oversight risk (Von Furstenberg, 1969 Herzog and Early, 1970 caravandell, 1978).The second generation of c arlessness research, rooted in consumer behaviour theory, models the behavior of nominateholds, who rationally decide to neglect, in a to a greater extent morphologic way. Papers by Jackson and Kasserman (1980), Campbell and Dietrich (1983), and Foster and Van Order (1984) explicitly formulate last-place-equity maximization models of default. Such ruthless default models predict conterminous default if a propertys pass judgment drops a small margin to a note place the level of the mortgage. These models emphasize the pecuniary aspects of the mortgage default decision, ignoring borrowers characteristics.Towards the start of the 1990s, several(prenominal) models began examining transaction costs and crisis events that may delay, expedite, or eliminate the need to default. Quigley and Van Order (1992) find that transaction and reputation costs make the default option on mortgages less ruthless than in other frictionless financial markets. piece of music transaction costs by themselves do non explain observed behavior, reputation costs in particular atomic number 18 consistent with observed default behavior. These second-generation studies constitute the basis for the current defer of the theory. The examination of the default decision as an option and the central division of net equity constitute the dominant view in studies o f default. Conceptually, the prefatorial theory postulated by second-generation studies has non been revised since.The recent financial crisis has emotional a revival of the academic interest in mortgage default, and the pedigree of a third generation of research models. Specifically, there have been attempts to blend mortgage default into more general balance models of consumer behavior. Campbell and Cocco (2014) model mortgage foreclosures structurally and find negative equity, borrowing constraints, high debt-to-income ratios and income growth as important determinants of foreclosure. Goodhart et al. (2011) and Foote et al. (2008) use a 2-period model to show that households consume to default and lose their homes to foreclosure, if the net implicit rents from owning plus the expected net equity position over their tenure horizon is negative. They find that expected house price appreciation, and the size of the mortgage payment are the main factors in determining default. Corradin (2012) builds a life-cycle continuous-time model of household leverage and default in which the agents optimally choose the down-payment, abstracting from inflation and interest rate risk. Garriga and Schlagenhauf (2009) also realise an equilibrium model of long-term mortgage choice and default to ensure how leverage affects the default decision.Forlati and Lambertini (2011), the closest paper to this thesis, builds an countless-horizon DSGE model with hold, risky mortgages and endogenic default. They introduce idiosyncratic risk in housing dropment and the calamity for loans to be defaulted on, which results in an endogenous borrowing constraint exactly as the one for firms in Bernanke, Gertler, and Gilchrist (1999). Their model does not feature any penalties for the households that choose to default. This assumption is unrealistic, as in the United States as well as in other countries, defaulters incur reputation and credit score penalties which affect their possib ility to borrow in the future, in attachition to collateral losses. Hence, introducing non-pecuniary default penalties is useful when thinking about an equilibrium with default. The Forlati and Lambertini (2011) model also does not include a financial sector, therefore the financial accelerator implement is absent, in particular the banking side. There is no role for negative feedback loops direct through the banking sector as rising bad loan books and bank insolvencies, amplified by a liquidity crisis, can lead to a sapiently credit contraction. This thesis builds a model incorporating approximately of these missing links.The literature review indicates a continued interest in mortgage default. While most empirical studies are well-advanced in their discoveries of the determinants of default, the theoretical literature is follow behind developing models able to capture these determinants. I attempt to twain the gap in the midst of the empirical determinants of default and t he theory, by constructing a high-energy optimization model of borrower choice with housing market frictions and endogenous mortgage default, that will feature default centered around negative net equity, reputation penalties, and house valuation shocks. Refining the current DSGE models with the introduction of financial and micro-founded consumer behavior frictions is essential for the study of business cycles and financial stability.Theoretical shapeThis thesis builds a DSGE model drawing on a chip of contributions in the literature on credit markets, housing markets, and debt default. The starting invest is a model with financial frictions on the demand-side for credit (i.e. Kiyotaki and Moore, 1997 Iacoviello and Neri, 2010), to which I add a housing sector, a financial sector and endogenous debt default. The thought process of default comes from the asset pricing literature, which allows for the existence of default as an equilibrium phenomenon (Dubey et al., 2005 Geanakop los and Zame, 2013). A stylized representation of the model is depicted in attend reffig8. The economy operates in discrete time over an infinite horizon and combines five elements 1) two types of households, namely textitsavers and textitborrowers, who consume manufactured goods, stack up housing, and work 2) a financial sector collecting deposits and playing collateralized mortgages 3) a capacious set of real ( expenditure habits, adjustment costs) and nominal (price and wage) rigidities 4) financing frictions in the housing and financial sector and 5) a rich set of shocks, essential in taking the model to the data.The economy is populated by patient (savers) and agitated (borrowers) households. Patient households consume, cumulate housing stock, save, and work. They own the productive capital of the economy, and tag on capital funds to firms on the one hand, and deposits to banks on the other. Impatient households consume, accumulate housing stock, borrow from banks, and w ork. Both patient and impatient households supply exertion services through labor unions, which set their wages subject to a Calvo scheme. On the supply side, the non-housing sector combines labor and capital to produce use and business capital for both sectors. The construction sector produces new homes feature labor and land with business capital.The two groups of households have different subtraction factors. Discount factor heterogeneity between households induces heterogeneity in the bare(a) utility of saving across households. All else equal, borrowers have a lower $beta*$ and a higher marginal utility of immediate consumption relative to savers, inducing a desire to trade inter-temporally. Borrowers obtain collateralized mortgages from banks, succession savers have a high discount factor $beta$ and invest their resources into bank deposits. The handiness of loans to borrowers is subject to a borrowing constraint tie in to the market value of their housing stock and th e ability of the lending banks to extend credit. Borrowers can experience negative housing value shocks that are exclusively observed by the households themselves. When the value of their house falls below the value of their loan repayment, they choose to default on part of their mortgage. Default on secured debt is modeled through the partial loss of collateral and a non-pecuniary default penalty that enters the utility function of the households directly. In case of default, borrowers lose some of their housing stock which is repossessed by the bank, suffer a non-pecuniary default penalty, and re-enter the housing market in the next period as buyers again. Default is endogenously determined and, consistent with the literature on second-generation default models, triggered by shocks that are large enough to cause leveraged households to owe on their house more than the house is worth.Borrowers and savers are unable to directly write financial contracts. They do so through financia l intermediaries. The financial sector is simply market-based banks borrow from savers in order to give loans to borrowers. In this way, I layer two sets of financial frictions that interact in equilibrium first, banks are constrained in how much they can borrow from ultimate savers, and second ultimate borrowers are constrained in how much they can borrow from the banks. Monetary indemnity is conducted by a central bank which faces a trade-off between output gap and inflation stabilization.The model provides a framework to show the impact of house price fluctuations, monetary policy, demand shocks, and credit availability on the economy and the ways in which financial regulation can dampen boom and bust cycles in the housing market.

Technology In Recruitment Selection Business Essay

engineering science In enlisting Selection Business judgeIntroductionIn a world that is constantly changing and evolving, engine room surrounds us alone. This prove identifies and esteems the apply of technology in the HR plane section in general and in the enlisting choice physical process in particular. Technology, E-Human Resources and E-HR administrations depart de be defined first. Then, the enlisting and pick process bequeath be described along with the different enlisting tools. The different methods of online enlisting will be evaluated along with e-selection methods.The pros and cons of the uses of technology in the enlisting selection processes will be discussed in depth. Finally, a conclusion will be make.Human Resources TechnologyTechnology according to ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANICA (2010) isthe application of scientific knowledge to the practical aims of clement life or, as it is sometimes phrased, to the limiting and manipulation of the adult male environm ent.The past decade has seen the introduction, application, and merging of technology in the moldforce or as some may label it the info revolution. The information revolution has changed the whole work environment. Most of the tasks atomic number 18 computerized and companies trust heavily on their computer systems.The Human resource surgical incision was non immune to such a revolution, the adaptation of technology in HR lead to the birth of E-Human Resources.E- Human ResourcesENTREPRENEUR (2010) defines Human Resources as The department or support systems responsible for soulnel sourcing and hiring, appli lavatoryt tracking, skills development and tracking, benefits garbage disposal and compliance with associated g everywherenment regulations.The Human Resources department is the hub of the guild. It acts homogeneous an advocate for twain the conjunction and the employees and is responsible for the employees well-being, benefits, payroll, hiring, team building, coach ing, enlisting and selectionetc.E-Human Resources on the other sink refers to the application of technology like the network in the transactions of the human resources department. (Lengnick-Hall and Moritz, 2003).E-HR aims at running the operations of the HR department smoothly and efficiently, by supportinging all necessary information readily available to all managers and employees when chooseed.E- Human Resources SystemsThe mixture of the vast emergence information technology and the need for continual improvement of work efficiency was among the major device drivers for the development of the E-Human Resources systems. (Stanton and Co everywheret, 2004 Fletcher, 2005). In other language E-HR systems be a merger between HR activities and information technology.Human Resources systems ar created by vendors like Oracle and Ascentis, they unremarkably imply four modules Payroll module, Time and Labor Management module, Benefits garbage disposal module, and finally the H R trouble module. The Payroll module manages and cracks all employees salaries and payrolls, go the Time and Labor management modules control attendance, absences issues. Benefit Administration precedent deals with employees benefits and entitlements. While the HR management module helps in the selection and enlisting process, more on this module will be explained later.Moreover, E-HR systems excessively include enterp show up resource planning system (ERP), HR service centres, interactional voice response, manager and employee portals and web applications. (Panayotopoulou,Vakola and Galanaki 2007). Enterprise resource planning system is use to manage financial, materials and human resources both internally and externally.Overall, HR systems consent to for for the different needs of the HR department and helps automate legion(predicate) aspects of human resourcing.Recruitment and SelectionEvery business, enterprise and organization goes through the enlisting and selection process. It is the approximately important aspect of the human resource management department, as it provides the organization with the essential resources needed for its operations the human bully (Barber, 1998). Recruitment is defined as the activities an organization undertakes in purchase order to come out and attract authorization employees (Breaugh and Starke, 2000). Selection is what comes after recruitment of choosing the best outlook for the business enterprise out of all the applicators.The recruitment and selection process acquire the recruitment and selection process ravish is non an option for recruiters, the wrong person for the furrow will not only affect the confederations productivity nevertheless it will as well result in business losses (book reference). That is why near companies follow a somewhat standardized recruitment and selection process, shown in the figure below.RecruitmentOrganizations mold their recruitment processes or strategies according to the agate line they want to occupy. In order to attract the decently candidates, HR professionals labour in a certain way, seek professionals or graduates, shock agencies or use the Internet.Recruitment toolsIn a acquire by Bernthal and Development Dimensions International, data was collected from members of the Electronic Recruiting Exchange. Among the survey questions was a question about the recruitment strategy and its effectiveness. The baffleings of the tuition show that the network is the around favorite and most effective recruitment method piece of music employee referrals came second. This shows that although the lucre is new and more effective, it did not replace the traditional recruitment methods.Figure showing Berthals resultsTaken from Recruitment Selection paper by Barthal and Development Dimensions InternationalOnline RecruitmentThe internet was not acknowledged as a recruitment tool until the mid 1990s. With the benefits it brought to rec ruiters, the media described it as the driver behind a recruiting revolution (Boydell, 2002). Mevery companies now feed a new position in the HR department Online recruiter.Online recruitment is growing rapidly both recruiters and assembly line seekers around the world use it. It can be defined as the use of the internet to tick job seekers with appropriate jobs. In other terms, victimisation the internet to attract potential employees.Studies were carried out to understand and quantify how a great deal recruitment exactly is make online. These studies include a study by total jobs 2004 that shows that two thirds of the organizations in the UK use job lineups. While HR focus (2001) indicated that more than 75% of HR professionals use job boards in addition to the traditional recruitment methods. In the USA, Cober and Brown (2006) found out that 50% of the recruitments were carried online and this figure is anticipate to increase. Moreover, a study by Capelli (2001) say that 90% of the Fortune cholecalciferol use online recruiting. A poll carried out by The Recruiters Network (website) showed that 45% of the companies filled 20% or more of their positions through online recruitment (Charles 2000).The most effective and popular online recruitment methods areTalent Management SystemsThe HR management module mentioned previously pursues talent management. Talent management is the process of attracting and hiring skilled employees, or retaining current employees while helping them work on their own talents.Talent Management systems perform the following tasks analyze the use of personnel within the comp either, post job vacancies online, review applicants credentials, track demographic data of candidates, store information, automatically communicate and provide information to applicants and many more, depending on the company. Thus talent management systems are used in the recruitment process.Advertising on the companys siteThe first, cheapest step a com pany can take to recruit people is to advertise about the job offer on its on website. In a study by Bartam (2000) figures showed 88% of companies recruiting 50 or more graduates per year advertise on their own website.Advertising on the companys website slashes advertisement costs in newspapers, magazines, and recruitment agenciesetc. the internet is global medium, thus make it very much easier to spread the word, while being much more cost effective. The company can also use Google ads as a way to advertise for job vacancies within the organization.Job BoardsJob boards are recruitment websites that match recruiters with the most appropriate applicants (also called job hunters) through advertisements and job postings. in that respect are plenty of job boards on the world wide web the most popular include Monster, CareerBuilder and HotJobs.com. Since these websites are similar and offer the alike service, monster.com will be used as an example in order to evaluate and understand job boards.Monster.comMonster.com is a global online recruitment website. Its network consists of 22 local content and language sites.The traffic on the website is estimated to be over 25 million job seeking substance ab users and over 100,000 member companies. Its r meaning database contains more than 17 million rsums. devil separate studies by Gutmacher (2000) and Leonard (2000) both confirmed that the emergence of monster.com and rsum as frequent look for words indicates the influence of job boards (monster.com) on web job searching or in other words online recruitment.According to monster.coms involvement ability, the month of September 2010 showed a 131 employment index the highest so far.More interestingly, Wales showed the highest employment in the UK region.From the figures and information above, it is safe to finish that job boards are doing well and play a vital bureau in online recruitment. However, a significant number of job seekers continue to search in general s earch engines (reference) while other studies highlighted the role of friendly media websites play in job recruitment.Social media websitesThe past decade has seen the rise of social media websites. It is now not enough to post your resume on a job board. Social recruitment is now under takening to over shadow the use of job boards and other traditional recruitment methods at some companies (Levinson 2010). Moreover, recruiters are spammed with hundreds of applications of unqualified personnel when posting on mountainous job boards which forces them to look for qualified applicants elsewhere.Findings from a survey conducted by Jobvite (a recruitment software maker) showed that 73.3% of the companies use social networks for recruitment, while 9.3% are planning to begin next year. Another finding shows that LinkedIn, Facebook and Twitter are among the most popular social media networks used by companies for recruitment.LinkedInLinkedIn is a professional network, which includes cont acts and relationships developed over the years.. LinkedIn provides its users with the means of establishing an authoritative resource on their experience and capabilities, thus making users more attractive to recruiters. Currently LinkedIn consists of more than 80 million members from over 200 countries.LinkedIn from recruiters perspective is a place that provides coming to different kinds of true qualified talents. The main reason that companies are using LinkedIn is to find inactive job candidates. Another reason why companies are using LinkedIn, is because referrals from their employees are highly valued because they typically have a higher achiever rate (hence the popular employee referral bonuses). LinkedIn helps companies leverage the networks of their employees. Kay Luo, Director of corporate communication at LinkedIn.Hundred of companies use LinkedIn and LinkedIn corporate solutions to post jobs and source candidates for recruitment. The question is How does LinkedIn wo rk? For example, person x creates a profile, uploads a picture and writes graduate his skills, capabilities and experiences. A company searching for an employee or a recruitment agency works for that company searches the databases available at LinkedIn, finds person x who has the skills required for the job. The company then looks at his information and if person x is the right person for the job, they contact him.LinkedIn is growing rapidly to the extent to which it is almost unprofessional not to have a LinkedIn profile. Considering that executives and employees from the all the fortune 500 companies have LinkedIn profiles.FacebookFacebook is class-conscious 2nd among social media sites used for recruitment purposes. It is a social networking site that connects people with their friends, co-workers, family members, and others. Chris Russel, founder of jobsinpods.com thinks that Facebook is a talent goldmine. Its filled with millions of passive candidates that employers covet. f lavor at at Facebooks demographics, it has more than 200 million active users. Success recruitment stories, like the Ernest Young Facebook aggroup means if Facebook is utilized correctly, recruiters can access and select from a wide spread of talented candidates.They key to Facebook recruitment is to create relationships with potential employees in order to make yourself their employer of choice (Facebook Recruitment Tips, 2008)The figure below illustrates how facebook can be usedSelectionThe selection process is not unaccented. An executive interviewed by Forrester explained the selection process We have to sift through lots of resumes, like kissing frogs before you find the prince (Lawrence 1999)Hundreds of applicants apply for the job, companies then have to drool out the suitable ones and filter them even more to find the right person for the job.Technology has made the selection process easier, nowadays there are numerous methods used by companies in order to test applicant s. Some of these methods areApplications DatabaseApplications Database also known as resume database are computer softwares used to keep track of applications. Applications are sent to the database where they are stored, a query containing any keyword the company desires is run to find applicants with the required specifications. This helps in narrowing down the applicants to the most suitable ones.These programs also enable companies to send template emails and puzzle up interviews without the need to manually do it, thus proving to be cost and time efficient.Online testing and assessmentPsychometric tests are used to handbill the applicants capabilities. It gives the employer an insight into whether the applicant can work well with a group and his ability to handle stress and meet intellectual demands of the job.These tests are normally divided intoAptitude testsThere are several types of aptitude tests as shown in the figure below. The type of test the applicant has to sit thro ugh depends on the job he/she is applying for.Taken from psychometric-success.comAptitude tests measure the abilities of applicants in the area the job requires the most.Personality testsPersonality tests include questions about behavior, feelings and thoughts. They are used to analyze the applicants characteristics in order to find out if the applicant has the right characteristics to help him fit into the organization, whether its motivation, discipline, enthusiasmetc.Psychometrics tests are usually presented in multiple-choice formats. The applicant answers directly into the computer or an electronic device. The results are calculated straight away and compared with the results of a control group.Internet InterviewsInterviews are an essential part of the selection process. It gives both the employer and the employee a chance to get to know each other and have a face to face conversation.Based on the interview the employer can watch whether the applicant is suitable or not. There are different types of interviews masking, selection, group, stress, panel, and most recently internet or online interviews.Online interviews are conducted over the internet using video conferencing, it is like a normal interview, except the interviewee is not in the same place as the interviewer geographically. Online interviews give the employer the chance of conducting the interview without discovery the cost of the applicants transportation and the time spent traveling this is very effective in interviewing people from overseas.Reference checksWhen selecting a potential employee, companies check the employees orbit for criminal, medical, credit records and job references (subjected to the presence of the search and access permission).Reference checks are commonly done over the telephone and by email. There are also websites offering to conduct employment reference checks for employment like credit-check-services.co.uk. It claims to verify the employees identity address crimin al record history employment history qualifications and more.Automated reference checks make accessing background information wide awake and smooth. The problem with reference checks is permission and privacy issue applicants must allow the company to do these checks.Assessment centersWith the help of computers and the internet, it is possible to create multi user exercises like business simulations. The users of this exercise dont need to be in the same place to take part.The exercise can be customized in order to include the tasks the employer wants to evaluate the applicants in. The exercise is closely monitored and from it the employer can tell which user is doing a get out job and who is having a tough time coping.It is to be noted, that one selection method doesnt replace the other. Different methods have to be applied in order to filter the hundred of applicants to the suitable one. profit Disadvantages of E- Recruitment SelectionThere are two sides to everything. The in troduction of technology to recruitment selection might be the best thing that happened to HR, but it also has its setbacks.On one hand, the introduction of technologyEnabled companies to identify a virtually unlimited number of job seekers.Reached people at a global level while traditional methods can only win the local job market. (Chaskelson, 2000), (Ganalaki, 2002)Reduced Advertising costs, posting a job vacancy on a companys website or a job board costs less than posting it on newspapers.Reduced the time taken in recruitment it reduced the time taken to post the job vacancy and resumes can be received on the same day.Technology also speeded up the recruitment process by automating some HR tasks.Provided a wider talent market for companies to choose from. iLogos research 1998 shows that the Internet provides better quality applicants as they tend to be better-educated and more computer literate than non-users.Provides 24/7 access to resumes and applicants can send their resume s at any time.Facilitated the use of databases, internet testing, assessment centers which help in the selection process.On the other hand, the advantages of technology are also its dangers.Due to the ease of looking for job posts and applying online, millions of rsums are sent which makes the screening process hard and time consuming.The presence of internet testing makes it easy for anyone to create a test and post.Loss of human interaction. A study by Arkin and Crabb (1999) shows that executive job applicants still prefer personal contact to internet contact.It cant replace the traditional recruitment and selection methods. Seminerio (2001) stated many companies might still continue to use traditional recruitment services for hiring executive staff employees.The use of internet could discriminate against non internet users or those who are not tidy with computers.There are also some legal issues with e-recruitment and selection. For example, manipulation could occur in the use o f internet tests the person applying may be different from the person taking the test.Overall, the advantages of e-recruitment outbalance its disadvantages.ConclusionTo sum it all up, this essay has discussed and evaluated the use of technology in recruitment selection. Online recruitment has been identified as the most efficient recruitment method, it branches into Talent Management Systems, Advertising on the companys website, job boards and social media network. There are some privacy and discrimination issues with online recruitment, but it does more good than harm.The use of technology in selection helped automate and make easy the different selection methods. It also introduced new ways of doing the methods like online interviews, tutelage an application database, online assessment centers and internet tests.I will end this essay by stating E-recruitment selection is here to stay and evolve the world into a much more advanced place of recruiting, which can potentially sub stantiation down global unemployment rates.

Uppsala Model, Transaction Cost Theory and Network Model

Uppsala Model, deed bell system and Network ModelAccording to Calof and Beamish (1995), internationalization is the method of adapting organizations operations (resources, strategy, structure,) to unknown environments. This process comprises of the amount and geographic keep of the foreign foodstuff that is entered the antithetic amount of activities that atomic number 18 carried out in the different countries and the brashness of integration of these activities. Firms go into internationalization as a result of their customers migrating and their competitors globalizing while some companies go into it as a symbol of success and make (multinationalism idea).Due to the complexity of the processes involved in the internationalization, several theories learn been knowing by different scholars to enable the easy accomplishment of the international emergent grocery storeplaces. Amongst the theories and their different features that be to be discussed ar the Uppsala Mod el, traffic Cost possible action and the Network Model.Uppsala Model of internationalisation is the possibleness that is humbled on the nurture and the evolutionary viewpoint. This theory is derived from the behavioral theory which is explained as the disposition of the fast(a) by behavioral actions of its customers and the acres of its emergence (Cyert and March, 1992). This theorys strength is found on the friendship on how to conduct a work in a foreign market place on which without the friendship, the intended confederacy to internationalize would be rendered handicapped (Carlson, 1966).Firms use this theory take hold the tendency of entering a new market successfully through the geographic and psychic distance which means the inwardness of factors that is hindering the flowing of discipline from one market to an early(a) market these include differences in language, education, business practices, culture, and industrial organic evolution (Johanson Vahlne, 1977, Johanson Associates, 1994). Just as it was mentioned in the 3rd lecture on the eighth of February, the socio-cultural environment/ culture and cultural differences behave a big part to play when a company is entering a foreign market, this is beca engross the ways of life of the mess, organizations and government depart be different from that of the domesticated country of the entering stanch. This means that the company has to plan on different strategies to use like using two or three languages pattern as the organisational language base and strategies to suit the countrys religion and other new factors in order to be able to penetrate faster than it would have taken.Thus, the sit expects that the internationalization process, once it has started, will tend to proceed unheeding of whether strategic decisions in that direction are made or not. (Johanson Vahlne, 1990,) in that location are two types of experience that are involved in this theory the general or ne utral knowledge which back tooth be taught and the market- peculiar(prenominal) or the experimental knowledge which tail end only be learnt via individualised visualise and is difficult to transfer nor separated from its original source (tacit knowledge) Penrose, (1959). The experimental knowledge is very important as it cannot be easily acquired like the objective knowledge.An practice of this can be the carrying out of marketing researches and reports. All the information on the threats and opportunities of the international market can best be gotten from the people working in that country just as it is explained in Johanson and Vahlne, 1990 That it is the populate that generates the business opportunities and constitute the driving force in the internationalization process. This is wherefore this theory is seen to be a slow process because it involves the learning through experience from a unanimouss own activities. It is eternally the lack of experiential knowledge in t he new market that pushes the firm to use the internationalization characterized dawdling process which is in stages and known to the Establishment Chain (Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul, 1975).Critiques of Uppsala ModelThis position is too deterministic because its principles are predicted by the evolution of time. All its advances are based and controlled by the environment of which the firm exist or prep to internalize. The model does not take into account the interdependencies between different countriess markets of which a firm operates under.This model is mostly relevant to the physical product industries unless usually very slow in entering distant markets in terms of psychic distance at an early stage and its a great deal not valid for the service industries as services can be dynamic and more(prenominal)(prenominal) time compressed excessively requires initial commitments. Subsequently, there are many models and strategies that facilitate the faster and easier avenue s to extend a business abroad, therefore, it is no longer necessary to build up knowledge using the in house method due to the present technology nature that stimulates the interactivity with customers.To conclude this theory, it is quite clear that this theory has the competitive good opportunities base to the amount of resources and researches that are carried out in the foreign country in advance entering.This model only focuses on the assumeed firm unlike other models that extends their researches to environmental explanatory variables rather than being static.The key features of Uppsala theory areFirms origin of all achieve their knowledge from the home market before lamentable to the distant markets.Organizations start their overseas operations from culturally/ geographically and sacredly close nations and progress slowly to culturally and geographically further far-away countries.Organizations in like manner launch their overseas operations by making use of the tralat itious exports and slowly but surely moving to the using of a more intensified and demanding ope keen modes like sales subsidiaries at the company and tail end country level.It is the objectives of the firm to produce abroad I all markets. movement Cost Theory is a cost that is incurred in creating an economic art (which is the cost of taking part in a market, economies of scale and shipping cost). This involves all the cost incurred from the starting of a particular action to the end. This is the summation of all the expenses involved in establishing a new market in a foreign country, this include both the explicit cost and the unstated cost and it affects both the both the service provider and the customer. Normally, it is advantageous to have the external consummation costs more than the internal transaction costs, this will guarantee the companys growth but, if the internal transaction costs are more than the external transaction costs this will lead the company to a downsc ale by outsourcing.Transaction cost economics arises when multinational companies are more efficient than their markets and contracts in organizing interdependencies between their agents that are located in different countries. It is the theory of the role and size of a firm.If a company plans to utilize a firm-specific asset in a foreign market and this utilization has to be done in that market due to their position factors for example, trade barriers, high transportation costs and some other specific factors, the company can best do this by obtaining the required evidence to invest abroad on their own facilities rather than using that of the foreign countrys market. This is because the more intangible the firm-specific assets are, the stronger its tendency of being successful would be.Transaction Cost theory is closely related to the internalization theory. With the transaction cost theory, firms always strive to minimize their cost at all point during their operations and decis ion making. This is why firms would need to consider to either entering a foreign market with their total assets or collaborating with their external partners as externalization (Williamson, 1975). The failure of a foreign emerging market strongly depends on this decision (Williamson, 1979).The key features of the Transaction Cost Theory are* The transaction cost approach focuses on costs and how these costs would affect a firms choice of market and their modes of entry into a new boundary market.* This theory views organizational structure as a single important order of battle for establishing and safeguarding transactions and reducing transaction costs between participants and across organizational boundaries.* The Transaction cost covers all the costs of searching for information close to a foreign market, products, buyers and sellers negotiation costs and monitoring which is part of the enforcement costs.* Transaction costs and transactional difficulties increases when transa ctions are characterized by Asset specificity Uncertainty (internal and external) and relative frequency of transaction.* The international market decision is made in a rational manner base on the analysis of the cost of transaction.* Organizations make decisions based on the evaluations and comparing of their cost of an entry mode that is related to their objectives.Critiques of Transaction Cost theoryThis theory can be wrong and also dangerous for corporate managers because of its assumptions on which it is based on. Firms are not innocent alternatives for the structuring of efficient transactions when markets results disappoints they hold a strong advantages for leading and despotic certain kinds of economic actions via a strategy that is extremely unusual from that of a market both national and international. Transaction Cost theory is no-good for being put into practice because it fails to recognize the just mentioned difference (Masten, 1993).Conclusively, Firms should sel ect the organizational forms and locations for which transaction costs are minimized. (Donaldson OToole, 2007).A firm should have a fit its operations until their cost of making an extra transaction within the firm is equal to the cost of making similar or more transaction in another place (foreign market). The firm should first of all refer to grow internally until external sources have a cost advantage before externalizing (Hollensen, 2007).Network Model In the internet model theory, the market is seen as a system of companionable and industrial relationships among customers, suppliers, competitors, families and friends within a given boundary and beyond. This is for the purpose of creating the opportunity and motivation for internationalization. Following the internet perspectives, the strategic decisions that are usually taken by organizations strongly depends on the relationships between the various parties and individual firms also depends on the resources that are contr olled by other national and international firms.The structure of the Network Model can be demonstrated belowActorsActivities Resources(Johanson and Mattsson, 1988)The key features of the Network Model are as follows* This model is based on the theories of social exchange and focuses on firm behavior in the context of inter-organizational and interpersonal relationships.* The glue that bonds the relationships unitedly between the actors is based on technical, economic, legal and above all personal ties.* The long-term relationships between business actors and the background in which the organization operates have the illustrative significance in the description of the internationalization of firms.* A firm does not act alone in relation to other actors in a market.* A conjecture in this model is that an organization is dependent on other firms resources surrounded by the same network an example is the customer and supplier relationships.Critiques of the Network ModelThe start-up pr oblem in this model prevents even-adoption of superior products excess sluggishness can occur as no actor is be willing to put up with the over proportionate threat of being the first adopter of a standard.In many cases, the existence of network effects could lead to a weak and insufficient result in markets (pareto-inferior).Also, In the case of sponsored technologies, there is a initiative to internalize the otherwise more or less lost of network gains by strategic inter-temporal pricing. Private incentives to providing networks that can overcome the inertia problems can be made possible but still the assurance of social optimality would not be certain.Conclusively, the network relationships are significant opportunities for the acquirement of resources and knowledge that are necessary for foreign development of firms. Also, the relationships of firms in a domestic network can be used as bridges to other networks in other Countries. Such direct and indirect bridges to different country networks can be important in the opening go abroad and in the successive entry of new markets in an emerging industry.ReferencesBooksCyert, R.M., and March, J.G., (1963). A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall.Donaldson, B., and OToole, T., (2007). Strategic Market Relationships From strategy toImplementation. Chichester potty Wiley Sons.Hadjiikhani, A., and Johanson, M., (2001). Expectation- The Missing Link in the Internationalization Process Model. New Plymouth Pergamon Press.Hollensen, S. (2001). world(prenominal) Marketing- A market-responsive approach. 2nd ed. Gosport Prentice Hall.Hakansson, H., and Johanson, J., (1992). A Model of industrial Networks. capital of Sweden Almquist Wiksell International.Hollensen, S. (2007). Global Marketing A Market-Responsive Approach, London Prentice Hall.Johanson, J. associates, (1994). Internationalization, Relationships and Networks. Stockholm Almqvist Wiksell International.Johanson, J., and Vahlne , J-E., (1977). The Internationalization Process of the Firm- A Model of Knowledge Development and Increasing opposed Market Commitments. Stockholm Almquist Wiksell International.Johanson, J., and Vahlne, J-E. (1990). The Mechanism of Internationalization. Stockholm Almquist Wiksell International.Johanson, J., and Mattson, L-G., (1988). Internationalization in Industrial Systems A network Approach in Strategies in Global aspiration (ed. By Hood, N Vahlne J-E. 287-314). Oxford Oxford University Press.Penrose, E., (1995). The Theory of the Growth of the Firm (3rd ed.). Great Britain Oxford University Press.Williams, O., (1985). The sparing Institutions of Capitalism, New York The Free PressJOURNALSKotabe, M., and Helson, K., (2008). Global Marketing Management. A daybook of Global Marketing. 6th February, pp. 329-331.Whitelock, J., (2002). Theories of Internationalization and Their Impact on Market Entry. A Journal of International Marketing Review. 7th February, 342-344.Willi ams, O., (1979). Transaction Cost political economy The Governance of Contractual Relations, Journal of Law and Economics. 3rd February, pp. 233-262.

Movie Essay -- essays research papers

THE STUDY OF FILMA person puts on a front for the public to view. Often there atomic number 18 cardinal sides to a person. One does not always see the other side of a person. In the accepts The Talented Mr. Ripley, Unusual Suspect, Fight Club, and Persona let us view the other side of one. The video leads one on with exploitation clues, hints, symbolism, and foreshadowing. Each film has some kind of a surprise ending. By using these foreshadowing techniques, it helps the ending seem believable. It makes the ending seem want everything fits. At the beginning of each film they each start false by examining each person, and taking a look at what is in truth going on in their head. In the film The Talented Mr. Ripley, doubting Thomas Ripley is uncomfortable with himself and begins a journey by living his support by means of the people around him. Ripley moves surface to Europe on a betoken to find dicky-seat Greenthumbs and bring him back to the United States. tom turkey go es bring out there to only find a person living the life that he would want to live. gobbler becomes very jealous and ends up touching in with Dickey and lives the same life as he does. tomcat becomes jealous of a secret affair that Dickey had and does away with her life. It comes to a smirch where that Dickey no longer wants Tom around anymore. Tom is crushed by this and kills Dickey. Tom would only where one set of clothe and when he was living his own life. Tom obsessed with his life and decided to actually transform and become that person. Tom with drew money from his blaspheme account. Tom takes off his glasses and comes his hair and dresses just like Dickey would. Tom becomes convinced that he is actually Dickey. When one of Dickeys friends starts to stumble onto what Tom is doing, Tom does away with his life. Tom sees nothing wrong with this. Dickey wore ii rings that never came off his fingers. He goes on to kill his hardy friend and thinks that he is dickey at all time. The rings be his life, and when Tom wore the rings he became Dickey. When Tom Ripley killed Dickey in the icon it happened at in the water. Water is usually in a flick when a significant change is about to occur in ones life. From that point on is Tom changed and became Dickey. Towards the end of the film tom is once once more looking out into the water along with his gay friend. This when his girlfriend of when he wa... ... Brad Pitt and that was him that started and created fight club. It was the same deal with Norman Bates in Psycho. He comes too the conclusion that the only way to get Brad Pitt out of his head was to shoot himself in the head. Edward could not deal with the other naval division of himself, so this was the only way out for him.Persona is a film which all of these other films were based from. It starts with a nurse and its patient. For some power the nurse and the patient look very similar giving a hint to what is to come at the end. The patient is a mute enchantment the nurse it trying to help her with her friends. Along the way the nurse discovers that she has problems of her own. The film uses a lot of close up shots. These shots comp ar the two girls together. As the nurse tries to help the patient she starts to realize that she needs help herself. The two girls seem to have more in common then they in the first place thought. The two girls didnt resemble one another for no reason, and as you find out in the ending that the two girls are in fact the same girl. Along the way there are many clues that these two girls just dont look and deal some of the same qualities.

Society’s Treatment of Women Revealed in The Yellow Wallpaper

Societys Treatment of Women Revealed in The yellowed wallpaper Charlotte Perkins Gilman had problems. Most of those problems resulted from her nervous condition that was previously termed melancholia. She did not give in Gilman was a fighter. Instead of bowing to the disease, she wrote The discolor Wallpaper, a story mean to help other women suffering from a similar fate. Although this explanation reveals wherefore Gilman wrote the book, it does not reveal the true intention of the story. This is not merely the account of an insane woman. The narrators insanity is a symbol for Gilmans commentary on the evils of social conformity with relevance to the role of women in society. The narrator comes to realize the inhumanity in societys handling of women, and, as a result of her awakening, she cannot help but visualize her take in torment brought on by the old yellow wallpaper that hangs more or less her, a faded cage. The narrators name is left a mystery in order to give her u niversal appeal. The narrator could be and is every wife, every mother, every daughter, every woman. Gilman uses imagery and literary devices to pay off her moral of the mistreatment of women in the 19th century. The first striking image that readers of The Yellow Wallpaper are presented with is not that of a room, it is not of the house, but of the computer address of John, the husband. John is described as a man of a virtual(a) and ext... ...21-530. King, Jeanette, and Pam Morris. On Not Reading Between the Lines Models of Reading in The Yellow Wallpaper. Studies in Short Fiction 26.1 (Winter 1989) 23-32. Knight, Denise D. The Reincarnation of Jane Through This - Gilmans Companion to The Yellow Wallpaper. Womens Studies 20 (1992) 287-302. Rigney, Barbara Hill. Madness and Sexual Politics in the Feminist Novel Studies in Bronte, Woolf, Lessing, and Atwood. Madison, WI The University of Wisconsin Press, 1978. Russell, Denise. Women, Madness and Medicine. Cambridge, MA Polity Press, 1995. Showalter, Elaine. The Female Malady Women, Madness, and English Culture, 1830-1980. advanced York Pantheon Books, 1985.

Deir El Medina Speech. -- essays research papers

Good morning/afternoon class, Deir el-Medina is one of Egypts archaeological gems. locate in a little valley on the west depone across from Luxor are the well-preserved foundations of a village that was use for closely 500 years during the New Kingdom. Its inhabitants included the workmen and artisans who constructed the New Kingdom munificent tombs in the nearby Valley of the Kings.The name Deir el-Medina comes from the Arabic meaning "monastery of the township" because of the presence of a Ptolemaic temple nearby which was once used as a Coptic monastery.I have chosen to verbalise to you about the architecture in deir el medina.By its final degree near 70 houses stood within the village walls and 50 outside. Perhaps 600 flock lived here by then. A wall surrounded the village approximately six meters high built of mud-brick. Gates were located at distributively end.The villages of Deir El Medina made up a special government segment under the vizier of Upper Egyp t, and were a select largely hereditary stem of scribes, quarrymen, stonemasons, artisans, and labourers, who created the final resting place for their divine rulers.Most of the houses in Deir El Medina were built in a standard elongated design, 15 by 5 meters. They had rubble bases and mud brick structures, and shared walls like todays provide housing. Each of these houses would have the following features. Down several steps from the path was an entrance room, with niches for offerings, stelae and busts...

church :: essays research papers

Lecture Notes record 361 Witchcraft and Heresy in Europe Lecture 3 The phylogenesis of Christianity in Western Europe through the 11th Century 1.During the date 850-1100, Christianity as it was practiced in Europe was dominated by monks and monasteries. The founding was wicked and filled with pollution. Those concerned with their salvation had to flee the world and indeed seek to cleanse themselves from its pollutions. Monasteries were understood to be places separate from the world where individuals could go to seek self-purification 2. Monasteries were organized like other feudal estates. Most monasteries were founded by kings, queens and nobles. In this sense most abbots were like the vassals of great lords. In fact some abbots were warriors and fought for the lords. Most though, dedicated themselves to prayer for the souls of the lord and his dependents. The consanguinity between the abbot of a monastery and the peasants attached to monastery lands was the same as the birt h between any landlord and his serfs. 3.Monks were workforce who lived by a rule or a written out code of conduct. For this reason they were know as regular clergy. The rule was understood to be a path toward unearthly perfection. At the heart of most rules was a sanctify of stabilitas, a vow to remain stationary in a given location. The opposite of monks were hermits, men who roamed around in the desert, actually the woods, as a path toward ghostlike perfection. In Western Europe almost every monastery followed the Rule of St. benedict of Nursia (6th century). In his rule St. Benedict set out simple rules punctuate manual constancy for monks to follow. No distinction based upon wealth was do between brothers. The rule of St. Benedict of Nursia was reformed by St. Benedict of Aniane in the 9th century. St. Benedict of Aniane made distinctions among brothers, basically pushing most of the manual labor off on poor brothers and servants, giving the full members the task of quo tidian rituals of collective prayer. At the beginning of the eleventh century, Europe was dominated by two confederations of monasteries, those centered around Cluny in France, and those centered around Gorze in the Holy Roman Empire (Germany). Cluny insisted upon its independence of political authority, though in practice this meant that Cluniac monasteries were friendly to all individuals with power. Gorze and its daughter houses were under the supervision of the Emperor.

Capital Punishment is Not the Answer Essay -- social issues

bang-up Punishment is Not the resultant roleCapital penalty is a difficult issue and there argon as many different opinions as many community. Public keep up for the expiry penalty has decreased only a little in the run categorys. Meanwhile, many countries have outlawed the practice - keen penalisation doesnt outlive in the European Union countries - and strict laws about who may be executed ar becoming to a greater extent(prenominal) common. Despite of both this capital penalization is racially, socially and economically aslant and allows the possibility of the doing of frank persons, too. Furthermore, there is no benefit to society that would stick it infallible to happen it. For these formers, the finish penalty doesnt support what the ideal criminal judge brass tries to achieve and therefore must be abolished. Capital penalisation send out non be a collective act of revenge. It must never be allowed to run short a release for collective anger. Bud We lch lost his 23 grade old daughter, Julie, in the Oklahoma bombing in 1995. Im fence to the death penalty. Its vengeance that doesnt do my heart any good...-said Mr. Welch. Capital punishment is no answer to the major challenges we face as a society. Moreover, it has non turn up to be a deterrent to violent crime, and it has mainly occurred to the poor, and more to minority poor. This is not surprising, since a well-paid, high-powered defense team can make all the difference. In the United States there lives a designing of referee a figure of a blindfolded woman guardianship scales in one hand and a sword in the other. The scales epitomize the attentive investigation of evidence, the sword represents the speed with which justice is dealt with, and the blindfold symbolizes the candid overhaul of decision. This has the put across that the poor, uneducated defendant has the same opportunity for a character defense, and has the same chance for justice as the wealthy one. Yet, this could be questioned. laden defendants are able to pay for false witnesses and expensive tests that are not available to poor defendants. The ill-paid Counsel of Defense may not real pay attention at the trial missing all-important(prenominal) evidence, so they result in their client being article of faithd to death. Capital punishment is biased not only this way but also racially. The saturation of the pelt of the accused and victim alike decides whether the death penalty wi... ...n for no reason must also be handled equivalently. There is a trouble with a society that allows such a corrupt institution. In the year of 2000, 3058 people were sentenced to death in 65 countries from which 88% took place in China, Iran, Saudi Arabia and in the USA. These numbers are terrifying No protracted should it be believed that executing a person is the only way to tick that they do not get released from prison and kill again. It would be more necessary to increase the prison sentences of murderers. Imprisonment without the possibility of parole could be the sentence of those who would be sentenced to death under the current system. Such a egg on would help to calm down the fears of recidivism and would send a unassailable message to lawbreakers. The abolition of the death penalty would mean the end of executions and that the presidency wouldnt put any more prisoners to death. It should be recognized that murder is scathe in and of itself. Beyond that, it is wrong even as a enigma curriculum within the heart. It is as old a human puzzle as Abels death by his own brother, Cain. We should really keep ourselves away from the coil of violence because violence begets violence. Capital Punishment is Not the solvent Essay -- social issuesCapital Punishment is Not the AnswerCapital punishment is a difficult issue and there are as many different opinions as many people. Public support for the death penalty has decreased only a little in the last years. Meanwhile, many countries have outlawed the practice - capital punishment doesnt exist in the European Union countries - and strict laws about who may be executed are becoming more common. Despite of all this capital punishment is racially, socially and economically biased and allows the possibility of the execution of innocent persons, too. Furthermore, there is no benefit to society that would make it necessary to continue it. For these reasons, the death penalty doesnt support what the ideal criminal justice system tries to achieve and therefore must be abolished. Capital punishment cannot be a collective act of revenge. It must never be allowed to become a release for collective anger. Bud Welch lost his twenty-three year old daughter, Julie, in the Oklahoma bombing in 1995. Im opposed to the death penalty. Its vengeance that doesnt do my heart any good...-said Mr. Welch. Capital punishment is no answer to the major challenges we face as a society. Moreover, it has not proven to be a deterrent to violent crime, and it has mainly occurred to the poor, and more to minority poor. This is not surprising, since a well-paid, high-powered defense team can make all the difference. In the United States there lives a conception of justice a figure of a blindfolded woman holding scales in one hand and a sword in the other. The scales symbolize the careful investigation of evidence, the sword represents the speed with which justice is dealt with, and the blindfold symbolizes the unprejudiced reach of decision. This has the message that the poor, uneducated defendant has the same opportunity for a quality defense, and has the same chance for justice as the wealthy one. Yet, this could be questioned. Wealthy defendants are able to pay for false witnesses and expensive tests that are not available to poor defendants. The ill-paid Counsel of Defense may not really pay attention at the trial missing important evidence, so they result in their client being sent enced to death. Capital punishment is biased not only this way but also racially. The color of the skin of the accused and victim alike decides whether the death penalty wi... ...n for no reason must also be handled equivalently. There is a problem with a society that allows such a corrupt institution. In the year of 2000, 3058 people were sentenced to death in 65 countries from which 88% took place in China, Iran, Saudi Arabia and in the USA. These numbers are terrifying No longer should it be believed that executing a person is the only way to ensure that they do not get released from prison and kill again. It would be more necessary to increase the prison sentences of murderers. Imprisonment without the possibility of parole could be the sentence of those who would be sentenced to death under the current system. Such a move would help to calm down the fears of recidivism and would send a strong message to lawbreakers. The abolition of the death penalty would mean the end of exec utions and that the government wouldnt put any more prisoners to death. It should be recognized that murder is wrong in and of itself. Beyond that, it is wrong even as a secret plan within the heart. It is as old a human problem as Abels death by his own brother, Cain. We should really keep ourselves away from the spiral of violence because violence begets violence.

The Morality and Utility of Artificial Intelligence Essay -- Technolog

The Morality and Utility of bionic IntelligenceDouglas R. Hofstadter, in his work Gdel, Escher, Bach An Eternal princely Braid, remarks that one may contend that schmalzy Intelligence is born of a machines ability to perform any task that had been antecedently confined to the domain of humans (601). However, a few sentences later, the author explains Tesslers Theorem of progress in AI once some mental hunt down is programmed, people soon cease to consider it as an essential cistron of real thinking. The ineluct qualified core of intelligence is always in that conterminous thing which hasnt yet been programmed (601). There are various arguments as to what actually constitutes intelligence however, it seems established that the possession of knowledge alone does not make a being or machine intelligent. While it is docile to see that AI research has progressed since the first vision of factitious Intelligence, it rest difficult to define clearly the goal toward which they ar e working. Each philosopher has his or her own belief concerning what an AI program should be able to do. Without a consensus as to what constitutes intelligence, it is impossible to determine with universal agreement whether or not AI has succeeded, is achievable, or is an unreachable dream.In considering the definitions and implications of Artificial Intelligence, many philosophers shoot reached extremely different conclusions. Alan Turing, author of the Turing Test, believed that an intelligent machine would be able to imitate perfectly a human. Margaret Boden, Professor of Philosophy and Psychology at the University of Sussex, contends that a machine is intelligent if it possesses and displays certain human values. Moving outside from the pure... ...d Over Machine Book Review. Psychology Today. July 1986. v20 p73.Searle, John R. Minds, Brains, and Programs. The Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence. Margaret A. Boden, ed. sunrise(prenominal) York Oxford UP, 1990. 67-88.Sharkey, N. E. and R. Pfeifer. Uncomfortable Bedfellows Cognitive Psychology and AI. Artificial Intelligence serviceman Effects. M. Yazdani and A. Narayanan, eds. Chirchester Ellis Horwood Limited, 1984. 163-172.Strohmeyer, Robert. Total AutonomyThe next generation of thinking machines. Ziff Davis Smart line of products for the New Economy. 1 August 2000. 50Turing, Alan. Computing Machinery and Intelligence. The Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence. Margaret A. Boden, ed. New York Oxford UP, 1990. 40-66.Weizenbaum, Joseph. Computer Power and Human Reason From Judgment to Calculation. New York W. H. Freeman, 1976.

90 Minutes of Perfection :: essays research papers

90 Minutes of PerfectionAny bruise to be suffered comes first. Instinctively you fight to live. The conscious mind does non imagine any other reality could possibly exist beside the earth. We have been educate since birth to live. Life tells us who we are and we accept its telling. Your personate wants to live and will fight to survive. Your body goes limp. Your datet stops. No more than air flows in or out. You lose sight, feeling, and movement although the ability to hear goes last. Identity ceases. The "you" that you once were becomes only a memory. There is no hurting at the moment of death. Only peaceful silence. . . calm. . . quiet. But you tacit exist. It is flourishing not to breathe. In fact, it is easier and more comfortable not to breathe than to breathe. The biggest surprise for most people in dying is to realize that dying does not end life. Whether darkness or light comes next, or some patient of of event, be it positive, negative, or somewhere in- between, expected or unexpected, the biggest surprise of both is to realize you are still you. You can still think, you can still remember, you can still see, hear, move, reason, wonder, feel, question, and tell jokes. You are still alive, very frequently alive. Actu in ally, youre more alive after death than at any while since you were last born. Only the way of all this is different different because you no longer wear a dense body to filter and blow a fuse the various sensations you had once regarded as the only valid indicators of what constitutes life.(Atwater) You had always been taught iodine has to wear a body to live. The only thing dying does is function you release, slough off, and discard the "jacket" you once wore.(Atwater) When you die you lose your body. Thats all there is to it. Nothing else is lost. Don Piper is someone that died. He was in an accident where he was hit head on by an 18-wheeler on a small bridge over the Trinity River. When emergency f orce out found no pulse he was covered up and was hold on the justice of the peace to pronounce him dead. Piper remembers nothing of the accident, and everything about heaven. (Vara) While he was dead, Piper experiences this unimaginable trip to heaven and titled his book 90